De nombreuses marques promettent de rééquilibrer les microbiotes en mauvaise santé.
«Nous les filles, nous avons beaucoup de problèmes là en bas: c’est un cauchemar absolu», déclare une influenceuse sur TikTok. Par «problèmes», elle entend notamment mycoses vaginales, vaginoses bactériennes (affection courante qui survient lorsque l’équilibre de la flore vaginale est perturbé) et infections urinaires.
Sa solution miracle pour les éviter? Des compléments alimentaires qui amélioreraient la santé de la flore vaginale. Mais qu’entend-on exactement par «flore vaginale»? A-t-elle réellement besoin d’être traitée? The Guardian répond à ces questions.
Selon Ina Schuppe Koistinen, professeure à l’Institut Karolinska, une université de médecine suédoise, le «microbiote vaginal», aussi appelé «flore vaginale» est l’ensemble des microbes contenus dans cette zone du corps: «Il inclut tous les microbes présents: bactéries, virus, champignons et toutes sortes d’organismes unicellulaires.»
«Le sperme favorise la croissance de bactéries dans le vagin»
D’autres organes, comme la peau et l’intestin, ont eux aussi leur microbiote. La santé du microbiote dépend du bon équilibre des microbes. Ainsi, un microbiote vaginal sain présenterait une grande quantités de lactobacilles, des bactéries qui constituent une première protection contre les infections. Elles créent un environnement hostile aux autres bactéries pathogènes qui viendraient perturber le microbiote et provoquer des infections comme les mycoses ou les vaginoses.
Comment les bactéries pathogènes arrivent-elles dans le corps humain? Les origines peuvent être multiples: les savons parfumés, certains antibiotiques qui éliminent à la fois les «mauvais» et les «bons» lactobacilles, mais aussi le tabagisme.
Les rapports sexuels non protégés présentent également un risque: ils exposent l’organisme aux bactéries présentes dans les microbiotes d’autres personnes. Plus vous avez de partenaires différents, plus vous exposez votre corps à un grand nombre de bactéries différentes. «Le sperme est pour le vagin une source de nutriments qui favorisent la croissance d’autres bactéries que les lactobacilles», explique Ina Schuppe Koistinen. Elle ajoute: «Le sang menstruel peut également rendre l’environnement moins favorable aux lactobacilles et entraîner le déséquilibre da la flore vaginale.»
«Le vagin sait maintenir son propre équilibre»
Pour la réguler, de nombreuses marques développent des compléments alimentaires. Pourtant, Ina Schuppe Koistinen affirme: «L’efficacité de la plupart des probiotiques mis en vente n’a pas été testée lors d’essais cliniques.» D’après elle, aucun d’entre eux ne contient le type de lactobacilles que l’on retrouve dans un vagin en bonne santé.
«S’il existait un complément magique pour résoudre de nombreux problèmes vaginaux, nous le prescririons. Quand une marque met en avant un de ses produits comme une solution miracle mais qu’il n’a pas été approuvé par un organisme de réglementation, c’est suspect», met en garde la gynécologue Jen Gunter.
«Le vagin est un organe autonettoyant, il sait maintenir son propre équilibre», indique Michelle Swer, elle aussi gynécologue. Pour le maintenir en bonne santé, évitez les douches vaginales (nettoyage de l’intérieur du vagin). Pour la vulve, utilisez uniquement de l’eau et un savon doux. Enfin, pensez à vous protéger pendant les premiers mois de rapports sexuels avec un nouveau partenaire.
Ina Schuppe Koistinen rassure tout de même: «Nous sommes tous faits pour avoir des règles et des rapports sexuels, donc si vous menez une vie saine, vous n’avez même pas besoin d’y penser.»
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